Dea Is A United States Department Of Justice Enforcement...

The Drug Enforcement Administration also known as DEA is a United States Department of Justice law enforcement agency. Their purposes is to enforce the law to stop the sale of illegal drugs, drug trafficking, investigate major crimes within the United States and internationally, and to secure and protect our communities from ever confronting drugs. D.E.A. also cooperates with many major law enforcement agencies such as federal, state, local, and overseas law enforcement agencies to stop criminals from smuggling drugs in our territory and help the people from getting involved with drugs. Other responsibilities include investigating major crimes, carrying out mission, and detain drug traffickers operations in interstate and international†¦show more content†¦The United States have declared that it is doing its best to combat the war on drugs. The drug problem has not stopped and the people continue to buy drugs no matter what circumstances they are obtained. With drugs prices rising, people are willing do anything to get drugs even if it leads them to become involved in criminal activities such as robbery. The money and military activity have not been enough, and the â€Å"urban problem,† has not been resolved. The United States has the largest demand of drugs in the world. While other countries also face the drug problem, the United States has spent the most money and law enforcement; however, its effectiveness is questionable. Consequently, now there is a great amount of drugs coming from Mexico’s borderline into the United States. The drug cartels have become more violent, killing Mexican officers and innocent people in order to smuggle their drugs. The United States needs more security control and better coordination between agencies to fight the violent Mexican drug war spilling across the southern border. There is not enough organization between the D.E.A and other groups such as the Department of Homeland Security. The United States has little hope of winning the war unless enough protection on the border and Border States are developed. The agencies need better coordination between the federal, state and locals agencies in order to prevent more drugs to cross

Women and Flexibility in the Workplace Essay - 1215 Words

Women and Flexibility in the Workplace Gina Carithers SOC402 Michael Burton December 17, 2012 Women and Flexibility in the Workplace The focus of this paper is to evaluate factors that have affected women`s pay in the workforce. The analysis of historical factors affecting women`s flexibility in the workplace as a continuous social and structural issue is added to the paper to explain the need for change because of the demands that accompany working female caregivers in the home. Historical and statistical data is provided to validate the issues surrounding unequal pay scales women commonly experience in the workplace. A hypothesis is developed to suggest the type`s of change that women hope to see take place in the†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"At the time the law was passed, it was estimated that women were earning 59% of the average wage† (Giraffe, 2011). In 2011 the estimate had risen to 82% ratio of pay for women compared to men. Lower pay scales for women means lower retirement benefits, pension pay, and 401k`s. The low pay scales were insulting enough to t he female gender but deeper issued existed such as the flexibility needed to care for children, home, and personal healthcare. Structural and Social Concerns Surrounding Women in the Workforce Women are typically the nurturers in the home. Mother`s have been responsible for childcare, PTA, grade-mothers, and sports moms for many generations before males began filling the roles because females were working outside the homes. Although it is not uncommon in todays society to see dad`s stay at home and fill the roles typically filled by women; it is a relatively new role for males in the last 25 years. The National Organization for Women, 2012, reports that, â€Å"Different societal expectations for wives compared to husbands and mothers compared to fathers†. Taylor, 2000, quotes Rita Donaghy, president of the Trades Union Congress, stating, â€Å"We want to see a labor market which does not penalize mothers but rather uses their skills in a modern and dynamic economy†. Women with children face issues such as childcare, adequate after school programs, leaving children unattended, and the cost for s uch care. WhileShow MoreRelatedHow The Flexibility Of Women During The Workplace Is A Social And Structural Issue1511 Words   |  7 Pagesthe flexibility of women in the workplace is a social and structural issue, research on various subjects such as history of women in the workforce, women’s rights, and equal opportunity should be key factors when determining them. Kathleen Christensen, recognized for her expertise on work-family issues and workplace flexibility states that flexibility of women in the workplace is a social and structural issue (sloan.org). Structural and Social issues as they pertain to flexibility of the women inRead MoreA Brief Note On Break The Cycle Of Disadvantage We Should Look At It From The Perspective Of A Woman886 Words   |  4 Pagescycle of disadvantage we should look at it from the perspective of a woman in the workplace. Organisational culture needs to shift away from the perceived ideal worker and begin to embrace a new model to support wo men in the paid workforce. Research has shown that providing family friend benefits does not further segregate women. The implementation of family friendly programs has shown to broadly impact the workplace by increasing commitment and productivity (Casper Buffardi 2004). Research showsRead MoreEssay on Women Leaving Work630 Words   |  3 PagesWhy do women leave careers after having invested heavily in developing the skills that would help them succeed in their career? 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Hourly employers love flexibility, but whenRead MoreThe Gender Equality Battle . â€Å"Who Is A Man, And Who Is1230 Words   |  5 Pagestoday’s society. Gender equality is not an issue that affects women. It is an issue that affects each and every single gender. The sources used for this essay give various outlooks on how gender inequality affects society and how as a society this issue can be resolved. The following sources give an insight into gender stereotypes, technology closing the gender gap, women becoming leaders, how to close the gender gap in classrooms, and women at work. Gender inequality is still a tremendously controversialRead More Gender and Power in the Workplace Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesGender and Power in the Workplace This essay is an analysis of contemporary issues associated with gender and power in the workplace; which will specifically include a discussion of gender relations, stereotyping, women’s identity, the structuring of formal and informal power, sources of inequality, and sexual harassment. The concept of gender in relation to the division of labor in the workplace, and in relation to issues of power and control is an unfortunate, groundless stereotype. SuzanneRead MoreEssay on Changing Work Patterns1336 Words   |  6 PagesChanging Work Patterns If the workplace of today could be characterized by a single theme, it would most likely focus on the continual presence of change. Dramatic changes in technology, the marketplace and the workforce have compelled organizations to re-evaluate not only the competitiveness of their products, but also the core ways in which work is performed. It is out of this pursuit for continued survival that organizations have been faced with the notion of varying work-schedules beyond theRead MoreWorkplace Diversity and Work/Life Balance Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesvariables. It incorporates many areas of study such as psychology, sociology and anthropology. These disciplines are important in trying to manage new and existing challenges in the workplace. Two examples of current workplace challenges are workplace diversity and the constant struggle to balance work life and home life. Workplace diversity has become a growing concern within organizations. Managers are now challenged with learning new ways to effectively communicate the importance of embracing differentRead MoreThe Role Of A Middle Class Mother And Wife1334 Words   |  6 Pagespercent (Bianchi, 2011). The work and family policies, however, have failed to change with the times are still very similar to what they were during the 1950’s (Blades Rowe-Finkbeiner). This is an issue because with more mothers’ entering the workplace with no change in policies, it is difficult for families to provide and find childcare. The childcare dilemma often to leads to stress and is a major work-life conflict at home (Bianchi, 2011). It is critical for individual companies to reformRead MoreGeneration X, By Megan Johnson And Larry Johnson Essay799 Words   |  4 Pages(2010) note that in 1985, half of the college students attendees were women of Generation X (p. 64). What is more, as these women attended college, the marriage in America declined to forty-seven percent between the 1940s to the mid-1970s (Johnson and Johnson, 2010, p. 64). Moreover, Generation Xers in the workplace embraced creating a work and life balance, demonstrating independence in the workplace; expecting the workplace to be an engaging experience. On the other hand, Generation X has faced

Crystal Baumle Essay Example For Students

Crystal Baumle Essay October 15, 2015Online-English Comp IWhat does the American DreamMean What does the American Dream mean? This is what analyzing the observations of author Tim Roemer can help us better to understand the writings of Brandon King. Brandon King writes in his article,The American Dream: Dead, Alive, or onHold?, of the American Dream on both the negative side and positive side of what it does look like. Time Roemer, the writer of,America Remains the Worlds Beacon of Success,tells the American Dreams negatives and positives in his writingthought hethroughtheeyes of a foriegner.itcould look like to the American people and what it can look like through a foreigners eyes. King writes to us telling us of how inequality is one of Americas issues. King tells us, .. that wealth is concentrated into the hands of a rich minority (pg. 612).He quotes Paul Krugman saying, The lions share of economic growth in America over the past thirty years has gone to a small, wealthy minority the lack of clear economic progress for lower and middle income families is in itself an important reason to seek a more equal distribution of income' (pg. 612). Onthe flip side King also writes of what President Obama did last year, he wrote, ..presented a proposal, later passed by Congress, establishing a $33 billion tax credit to provideincentives for businesses to hire more workers and increase existing wages (pg. 613). Whichwould then allow for more employment which would stimulate the economy more. Roemer takes a similar outlook of Kingoftaking into consideration some of the negatives that are going on in American to hinder the American mindset of the American Dream. The negatives that some Americanscarry that Roemer writes about in his article about the outlook that the American people have in comparison to what the Indian people have. He writes, Consequently, I have been appalled by the gloom of thoseprdictingthat Americas greatest days are behind us,. These sentiments seep through our soci ety, from pundits to parents at my daughters basketball game, as people complain they are depressed that our children will be left behind by the United states decline' (pg. 618). I have heard this as well, not at a basketball game, but at a baseball game. It seems that the middle class Americans can think of a time when life seemed to be more prosperous to them, but now it is not and we must save for our future. He continues on to write of other areas where America could focus on such as infrastructure, schooling, and growingdeficit. Alltroubling things that can make the American people look down on our country.I believe that the writing of Roemer helps us to understand the writing of King, when he also writes about what is wrong withAmericanand how that affects the viewpoint of the American people, but not in the eyes of the foreigner. Kingexplores the issue of what economic growth looks like in reflection to the American Dream. He writes, Looking at the fragile economy today, it is tempting to focus on the unevenness of the recovery: the stock market has made impressive rebounds in recent months, but he unemployment rate remains high (pg. 612). ,This is one area the stock market where King is writing that we are making rebounds. He continues to write economists and politicians argue that supporting the richest sectors of the American economy will bringeconomic stability and a full recovery. Theyclaim that a sizable income gap does not necessarily prevent individuals in the lower and middle classes from achieving the American Dream (pg. 613). The contributes to his overall concept that the American dream could be alive or on hold because the economist and politicians see things that could help our economy to grow. .udb81d4d533a3bbd3bfc7a665a2dc264b , .udb81d4d533a3bbd3bfc7a665a2dc264b .postImageUrl , .udb81d4d533a3bbd3bfc7a665a2dc264b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udb81d4d533a3bbd3bfc7a665a2dc264b , .udb81d4d533a3bbd3bfc7a665a2dc264b:hover , .udb81d4d533a3bbd3bfc7a665a2dc264b:visited , .udb81d4d533a3bbd3bfc7a665a2dc264b:active { border:0!important; } .udb81d4d533a3bbd3bfc7a665a2dc264b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udb81d4d533a3bbd3bfc7a665a2dc264b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udb81d4d533a3bbd3bfc7a665a2dc264b:active , .udb81d4d533a3bbd3bfc7a665a2dc264b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udb81d4d533a3bbd3bfc7a665a2dc264b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udb81d4d533a3bbd3bfc7a665a2dc264b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udb81d4d533a3bbd3bfc7a665a2dc264b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udb81d4d533a3bbd3bfc7a665a2dc264b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udb81d4d533a3bbd3bfc7a665a2dc264b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udb81d4d533a3bbd3bfc7a665a2dc264b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udb81d4d533a3bbd3bfc7a665a2dc264b .udb81d4d533a3bbd3bfc7a665a2dc264b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udb81d4d533a3bbd3bfc7a665a2dc264b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Information Technology Essay Roemerhelps us to explore how a foreigner sees our growth even thoughasKing writes the American people struggle seeing it at times. Roemer writes about a time when he was with a group of a three dozen business millionaires, I asked a simple question: Which market would you most like to access? Almost unanimously, the answer was the United States. (pg. 620). He continues, U.S. companies remain world leaders in information technology, bioscience, nanotechnology and aerospace(pg.620). Heis telling us that foreigners see our growth as expanding and growing. He does also write, Our huge GDP is no accident. We have a market-orientated economy where most decisions are made independently by individuals and individual businesses. Roemer says even though American may have its flaws as does the rest of the world, our economy is free and is able to grow how the American people want it to grow. He writes about other countries such as China who has the government controlling their markets and i n Europe where businesses have to jump through a lot of red tape. This also supports how the American Dream is still alive, the fact where we do have freedoms. Kingcontinues in his essay the overall argument that the American Dream is alive, but it is all about perception. He writes, .72 percent of Americans still believed it was possible to start poor, work hard, and become rich in America (pg.611).Thisis the outlook of what the image of the image of the American Dream looks like. He shows how Americans are changing their lifestyles to better achieve the American Dream. King writes, a recent study showed a decrease in home ownership from 69% in 2005 to about 66.5% in 2010, and an increase in renterhouseholds of 1.1 million (pg.611). He continues, Americans are scrutinizing their spending habits more intensely(pg.611-612). He gives this example to show how Americans are adjusting to a different lifestyle. He does also write about economist Cal Thomas response to inequatlity issues by writing,,..The rules for achieving the American Dream may no longer be taught and supported by culture, but that doesnt meant hat they dont work(pg.614) . Roemersheds light on what King is writing about when he writes about his experiences in India. Roemer writes. True we feel the pain of our setbacks and fear that we are losing ground.. I met Indian students at schools or living in slums, they consistently told me American is the place where they most want to study(pg.619).This supports that the image of the American Dream is alive and it is being wished for not only by Americans, but also by foreigners as well. Roemer also inserts facts such as, The United states has the largest and most technologically powerful economy in the world, a per capita gross domestic product of $47,200 and gross national purchasing power that equals those of China and Japan (pg.619). We are still a super power in the global outlook, which supports the American Dream image of it truly not being dead. The American Dream is alive, both authors present facts and outlooks of what theAmericanDream looks like through he eyes of an American and also of a foreign er. No matter where you may come from, most people wish for the American Dream so it is and they set their mind to it. I liked when King wrote, The American Dream will continue to exist as part of the American psyche, not artificially stimulated by government regulations to change incomedistributions. Words CitedKing, Brandon. The American Dream: Dean, Alive, or on Hold?. They Say/I Say. Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, and Russel Durst. NY: W.W. Norton Company, 2015. 466-470. Print. .u26a9359207dd7a5ad535aca343f89e48 , .u26a9359207dd7a5ad535aca343f89e48 .postImageUrl , .u26a9359207dd7a5ad535aca343f89e48 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u26a9359207dd7a5ad535aca343f89e48 , .u26a9359207dd7a5ad535aca343f89e48:hover , .u26a9359207dd7a5ad535aca343f89e48:visited , .u26a9359207dd7a5ad535aca343f89e48:active { border:0!important; } .u26a9359207dd7a5ad535aca343f89e48 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u26a9359207dd7a5ad535aca343f89e48 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u26a9359207dd7a5ad535aca343f89e48:active , .u26a9359207dd7a5ad535aca343f89e48:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u26a9359207dd7a5ad535aca343f89e48 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u26a9359207dd7a5ad535aca343f89e48 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u26a9359207dd7a5ad535aca343f89e48 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u26a9359207dd7a5ad535aca343f89e48 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u26a9359207dd7a5ad535aca343f89e48:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u26a9359207dd7a5ad535aca343f89e48 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u26a9359207dd7a5ad535aca343f89e48 .u26a9359207dd7a5ad535aca343f89e48-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u26a9359207dd7a5ad535aca343f89e48:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Revolutionary War EssayRoemer, Tim. America Remains the Worlds Beacon of Success. They Say/I Say. Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, and Russel Durst. NY: W.W. Norton Company, 2015. 462-465. Print.

Raise The Red Lantern Essays - Green Lantern, Films, Hong Kong Films

Raise The Red Lantern Anthropology of Women Raise the Red Lantern All the worlds a stage; all of us are taking the elements of plot, character, and costume and turning into performances of possibilities(Ward1999: 5) Raise the Red Lantern tells a compelling and sorrowful story of a young women whose life is destined to be ruined in a male-dominated society. This can be an awakening of some sort to any woman. As Ward states in her text, women learn the rules of our half of the world as well as those of the other half, since we regularly move in and out of the male world. There she defines womens culture. The term has also been used in its anthropological sense to encompass the familial and friendship networks of women, their affective ties, their rituals. It is important to understand that womans culture is never a subculture. It would hardly be appropriate to define the culture of half of humanity as a subculture. Women live social existence within the general culture. Whenever they are confined by patriarchal restraint or segregation into separateness, they transform this restraint into complementarily and redefine it. Thus, women live a duality- as members of the general culture and as partakers of womans culture. (Lerner 1986:242) Much like the quote stated, Raise the Red Lantern is set in Northern China in the 1920s. For thousands of years the people of China have formed family life around patrilineal decent. The assessment of traditional China life was patriarchal. A basis of this set up would be from Confucius. In childhood, Before marriage, Obey your father In adulthood, During marriage, Obey your husband In widowhood, After marriage, Obey your son States in the text, the lowest moment of a womans life was her wedding day. Cut off from her natal family, the young bride was an outsider and the object of deep suspicion in her new husbands household. The only was to earn a place for herself was to have sons. Songlian quits college after her father has passed away and becomes Zuoquian Chens fourth wife. When Songlian, who chooses to walk from her house to Chens house instead of riding in the wedding carriage, arrives at Chens house, there is no sign of a celebration, an omen of things to come. Bound by tradition and inflamed with jealousy, none of the three wives come out to greet the new bride. An old housekeeper welcomes and acknowledges the arrival of Songlian, and he guides her to her new room through the houses elaborate structure. To her surprise, in a long walk from the front door to her room, she doesnt see a single person. The lack of human presence couples with the absence of a wedding reception to create an impersonal atmosphere that prevails throughout the film. Songlian must as Ward mentions in her book, swallow such customs as breaking and binding little girls feet. Every evening, a red lantern is lit in front of the courtyard of the wife Chen chooses to sleep with. Contrary to its traditional symbolism red is anything but festive. There is no love among the wives only hatred. The relationships between Chen and his wives are purely sexual. Rather than helping each other out and raising their status within the family, the wives are constantly fighting among themselves to win favors from Chen. The wives who live in separate houses must compete for the affections and privileges of the master in accordance with his customs. Jealousy abounds between the wives and the scheming keeps the tensions high. Each night a lantern is lit in favor of whom the master will be with. Shortly afterwards all the lanterns of the wifes home and courtyard are also lit and the privileges begin. In all human cultures most women marry and bear children regardless of what women personally want to do. Ward states, We live our lives against a backdrop of the social structures, rules and expectations from a particular point in history and with in those cultural framework. Through the four wives they portray types of work. The number one way a woman can become powerful through work is reproduction. Having and raising children as well as care for others, is a way to develop

The eNotes Blog Why I Keep Rereading JaneEyre

Why I Keep Rereading JaneEyre Booklovers all have stories we return to over and over again. One of mine is Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà «- but I don’t just reread it, I revisit it like a friend. I read my favorite chapters when I’m lonely, consult it when I need advice, turn to it when I feel lost or need comfort. Though it’s over 150 years old, I still find something new and relevant in it each time. Gothic Elements I first read Jane Eyre when I was fifteen, and it’s remained my favorite novel since then. I love it for the characters and atmosphere- Jane’s fierce independence, her romance with Rochester, the gothic allure of Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s writing- but also for the way those things have challenged me. One of the first things that struck me about the novel is the fantastical and gothic elements and how they’re included in the story. From the ghostly red room to Jane and Rochester’s eerie, moonlit meeting to Rochester’s frequent teasings that Jane is one of the fairy folk, fantasy is part of the everyday in Jane Eyre. Victorian Conventions This isn’t entirely unusual for a novel from the Victorian era: Victorians loved fairy tales. Andrew Lang’s fairy tale collections, Christina Rossetti’s poem â€Å"Goblin Market,† and Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland are all products of the Victorian fascination with fantasy. But the way Brontà « portrays the fantastic elements goes deeper than surface level. Jane and Rochester’s relationship contains elements of mysticism- from Rochester’s humorous impersonation of a fortune teller to the way Jane and Rochester, agonizing over losing each other, each hear the other’s voice calling to them during their separation. These things are eerie and beautiful; they render the love story impossible to contain in earthly bonds. In this way and others, the novel depicts romance quite differently from the Victorian norm. This is one reason the novel was so popular (and criticized by some) after it was published. Jane and Rochester’s relationship is powerful and intense from the start, and Brontà « wrote it with a fiery passion woven into the words on the page. It’s partly the restraint and tension that make it so intense, but I still marvel at how moving it is even to modern-day readers who aren’t used to the same censors on romantic and sexual content that Victorian readers were. Romance and Subverted Power Dynamics I especially love how Jane and Rochester develop feelings for each other not because of shallow physical attraction but because of a much deeper kind. I’ll call it an understanding: At their cores, they understand each other in an almost mystical way. Their relationship is based in intellect, in challenging each other to think differently and in talking about issues and philosophical ideas that matter to them. At fifteen, this kind of basis for love was foreign to me; at almost twenty-eight, I’ve still never read another love story quite like it. It represents a bond that transcends the normal human experience, and I think it’s utterly beautiful. I also appreciate the frank, unflinching way Brontà « explored power dynamics in Jane and Rochester’s relationship, including the initial imbalance of power between them. One scene that stands out is when Rochester threatens sexual violence when Jane announces she’s leaving him. (The movie adaptations usually gloss over this scene.) Rochester is both a hero and a villain in the novel, and I love that Brontà « depicted the more troublesome aspects of his character and built a relationship between him and Jane that is complex, layered, and utterly imperfect. Some readers see Rochester’s maiming and blinding as a way to â€Å"lower† him to Jane’s level- the level of a woman in Victorian society- and look upon this choice by Brontà « unfavorably, but I have a different take. I see it as Rochester being cleansed (literally in fire, even) for his sins, having to shed his controlling nature and toxic masculinity in order to deserve Jane as his equal and partner. His wounds are his battle scars, his reminder of what he has learned and overcome. While there are problematic elements to the way Brontà « refers to Rochester’s disabilities, there is also something powerful in this message. In Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s time, a man of Rochester’s wealth and social standing would have been considered far too good to marry a servant like Jane, and this cultural aspect is explored in the novel. However, Brontà « subverts this norm when she shows readers that it was actually Rochester who had to prove his worth to Jane. The main aspect of the novel I turn to during times of sadness or stress is Jane’s determination to live by her own moral code. Though she is influenced by her religious beliefs and the norms of the time, she also makes her own decisions. She chooses not to marry St. John because she doesn’t love him romantically. She chooses to return to Rochester not knowing he no longer has a wife. Her strength and strong will have always been reminders to me to live my life according to my own moral code: to trust in myself and to find strength in my own independence. Feeling like rereading  Jane Eyre? Check out the  complete annotated text  of Jane Eyre  on !

Definitions and Discussions of Medieval Rhetoric

Definitions and Discussions of Medieval Rhetoric The expression medieval rhetoric refers to the  study and practice of rhetoric from approximately A.D. 400 (with the publication of St. Augustines On Christian Doctrine) to 1400. During the Middle Ages, two of the most influential works from the classical period were Ciceros De Inventione (On Invention) and the anonymous Rhetorica ad Herennium (the oldest complete Latin textbook on rhetoric). Aristotles Rhetoric and Ciceros De Oratore werent rediscovered by scholars until late in the medieval period. Nonetheless, says Thomas Conley, medieval rhetoric was  far more than a mere transmission of mummified traditions that were poorly understood by those who transmitted them. The Middle Ages are often represented as stagnant and backward . . ., [but] such a representation fails dismally to do justice to the intellectual complexity and sophistication of medieval rhetorics (Rhetoric in the European Tradition, 1990). Periods of Western Rhetoric Classical RhetoricMedieval RhetoricRenaissance RhetoricEnlightenment RhetoricNineteenth-Century RhetoricNew Rhetoric(s) Examples and Observations It was Ciceros youthful, schematic (and incomplete) treatise De inventione, and not any one of his mature and synthetic theoretical works (or the even fuller account in Quintilians Institutio oratoria) that became the shaping influence on so much medieval rhetorical teaching. . . . Both the De inventione and the Ad Herennium proved to be excellent, coherent teaching texts. Between them they conveyed complete and concise information about the parts of rhetoric, topical invention, status theory (the issues upon which the case rests), attributes of the person and the act, the parts of a speech, the genres of rhetoric, and stylistic ornamentation. . . . Oratory, as Cicero had known and defined it, had declined steadily during the years of the [Roman] empire under political conditions that did not encourage the forensic and judicial oratory of earlier periods. But rhetorical teaching survived through late antiquity and into the Middle Ages because of its intellectual and cultural prestige , and in the course of its survival it took on other forms and found many other purposes.(Rita Copeland, Medieval Rhetoric. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, ed. by Thomas O. Sloane. Oxford University Press, 2001) Applications of Rhetoric in the Middle Ages In application, the art of rhetoric contributed during the period from the fourth to the fourteenth century not only to the methods of speaking and writing well, of composing letters and petitions, sermons and prayers, legal documents and briefs, poetry and prose, but to the canons of interpreting laws and scripture, to the dialectical devices of discovery and proof, to the establishment of the scholastic method which was to come into universal use in philosophy and theology, and finally to the formulation of scientific inquiry which was to separate philosophy from theology.(Richard McKeon, Rhetoric in the Middle Ages. Speculum, January 1942) The Decline of Classical Rhetoric and the Emergence of Medieval Rhetoric There is no single point when classical civilization ends and the Middle Ages begins, nor when the history of classical rhetoric ends. Beginning in the fifth century after Christ in the West and in the sixth century in the East, there was a deterioration of the conditions of civic life that had created and sustained the study and uses of rhetoric throughout antiquity in courts of law and deliberative assemblies. Schools of rhetoric continued to exist, more in the East than in the West, but they were fewer and were only partially replaced by study of rhetoric in some monasteries. The acceptance of classical rhetoric by such influential Christians as Gregory of Nazianzus and Augustine in the fourth century significantly contributed to continuation of the tradition, though the functions of the study of rhetoric in the Church were transferred from preparation for public address in law courts and assemblies to knowledge useful in interpreting the Bible, in preaching, and in ecclesiastical disputation. (George A. Kennedy, A New History of Classical Rhetoric. Princeton University Press, 1994) A Diverse History [A]s the history of medieval rhetoric and grammar reveal with special clarity, all the significant original works on discourse which appear in Europe after Rabanus Maurus [c. 780-856] are merely highly selective adaptations of the old bodies of doctrine. The classical texts continue to be copied, but new treatises tend to appropriate for their purposes only those parts of the old lore which are of use to the one art. Thus it is that the medieval arts of discourse have a diverse rather than a unified history. The writers of letters select certain rhetorical doctrines, the preachers of sermons still others . . .. As one modern scholar [Richard McKeon] has said in relation to rhetoric, in terms of a single subject mattersuch as style, literature, discourseit has no history during the middle ages. (James J. Murphy, Rhetoric in the Middle Ages: A History of Rhetorical Theory from St. Augustine to the Renaissance. University of California Press, 1974) Three Rhetorical Genres [James J.] Murphy [see above] outlined the development of three unique rhetorical genres: ars praedicandi, ars dictaminis, and ars poetriae. Each addressed a specific concern of the era; each applied rhetorical precepts to a situational need. Ars praedicandi provided a method for developing sermons. Ars dictaminis developed precepts for letter writing. Ars poetriae suggested guidelines for composing prose and poetry. Murphys important work provided the context for smaller, more focused studies of medieval rhetoric.(William M. Purcell, Ars Poetriae: Rhetorical and Grammatical Invention at the Margin of Literacy. University of South Carolina Press, 1996) The Ciceronian Tradition Conventional medieval rhetoric promotes highly formalized, formulaic, and ceremoniously institutionalized forms of discourse. The major source of this static richness is Cicero, the magister eloquentiae, known primarily through the many translations of De inventione. Because medieval rhetoric is so extensively committed to Ciceronian patterns of amplification (dilatio) through the flowers, or colores, of figured speaking that decorate (ornare) the composition, it often appears to be a ponderous extension of the sophistic tradition in a moralistic framework. (Peter Auski, Christian Plain Style: The Evolution of a Spiritual Ideal. McGill-Queens Press, 1995) A Rhetoric of Forms and Formats Medieval rhetoric . . . became, in at least some of its manifestations, a rhetoric of forms and formats. . . . Medieval rhetoric added to ancient systems its own generic rules, which were necessary because documents themselves had come to stand in for the people as well as for the Word that they meant to convey. By following articulated patterns for greeting, informing, and taking leave of the now-distant and temporarily removed audience, the letter, sermon, or saints life acquired typical (typological) forms.(Susan Miller, Rescuing the Subject: A Critical Introduction to Rhetoric and the Writer. Southern Illinois University Press, 1989) Christian Adaptations of Roman Rhetoric Rhetorical studies traveled with the Romans, but educational practices were not enough to keep rhetoric flourishing. Christianity served to validate and invigorate pagan rhetoric by adapting it to religious ends. Around AD 400, St. Augustine of Hippo wrote De doctrina Christiana (On Christian Doctrine), perhaps the most influential book of its time, for he demonstrated how to take the gold out of Egypt to fortify what would become the Christian rhetorical practices of teaching, preaching, and moving (2.40.60). The medieval rhetorical tradition, then, evolved within the dual influences of Greco-Roman and Christian belief systems and cultures. Rhetoric was also, of course, informed by the gendered dynamics of medieval English society that isolated nearly everyone from intellectual and rhetorical activities. Medieval culture was wholly and decidedly masculine, yet most men, just like all women, were condemned to class-bound silence. The written word was controlled by clergy, the men of the cloth and the Church, who controlled the flow of knowledge for all men and women. (Cheryl Glenn, Rhetoric Retold: Regendering the Tradition from Antiquity Through the Renaissance. Southern Illinois University Press, 1997)

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